6 Alpine Nature 2030 Creating ecological connectivity for generations to come 3 9 Connectivity and ecosystem services in the Alps 107 3 9 1 Introduction 107 3 9 2 Connectivity Role and limits 108 3 9 3 Biodiversity ecological functionality and bioindicators 110 3 9 4 Ecosystem functions and landscape connectivity 111 3 9 5 The ESS concept approach framework and spatial planning 111 3 9 6 Which ecosystem services for Alpine connectivity 112 3 9 7 Conclusions 114 3 10 Agriculture and ecological connectivity 115 3 10 1 The link between agriculture production biodiversity and ecological connectivity 115 3 10 2 What do ecological networks mean in agricultural areas 117 3 10 3 Conclusions 121 Box 5 The Ecological Continuum Initiative Catalysing and multiplying connectivity in the Alpine area 122 3 11 The Alps and their soils 123 Box 6 The Contribution of ecological connectivity to greening the economy 125 4 Connectivity contributes to continuity 126 Introduction 126 4 1 Methods and tools for connectivity implementation in the Alps 127 4 1 1 Methodological approach 127 4 1 2 Implementation 128 4 1 3 Awareness raising and communication 129 4 1 4 First promising results in the Alpine Pilot Regions for ecological connectivity 130 4 2 Participatory processes and social impact assessment 131 4 2 1 Social acceptance as prerequisite for success of ecological connectivity implementation projects 131 4 2 2 A four step participatory process 131 4 3 Interference welcome 134 4 3 1 Flaz 134 4 3 2 Verwall 134 4 3 3 Assertion of power or cooperation 135 4 3 4 How does participation work 136 4 3 5 How can a participation process work 136 4 4 Mapping relevant factors for ecological connectivity The JECAMI mapping service 137 4 4 1 Introduction 137 4 4 2 The JECAMI framework 139 4 4 3 The continuum suitability index A structural connectivity approach 139 4 4 4 Mapping species migration areas and corridors 140 4 4 5 Technical solution 141 4 4 6 A case study with JECAMI Defining ecological connectivity hotspots in the Alps 141 4 5 The 50 most important questions relating to the maintenance and restoration of an ecological continuum in the European Alps 147 4 6 Introduction to the ecosystem services approach 152 Box 7 Total Economic Value TEV of ecosystem services 154 4 7 Alpine Pilot Regions for ecological connectivity 155 4 7 1 The Alpine Pilot Regions 155 4 7 2 Protected areas in the heart of Pilot Regions 156 4 7 3 Governance of Pilot Regions 160 4 7 4 Results in Pilot Regions 160 Box 8 Ecological connectivity in mixed use landscapes 163 Box 9 Restructuring forest to enhance biodiversity 165

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